Effects of Different Antibiotics on E.coli Growth

Effects of Different Antibiotics on E.coli Growth The effects of antibiotics on the growth of Escherichia coli have been found in several studies and some recent studies have also focused on the tolerance and reduced growth levels in bacteria to examine the molecular changes that allow such as change. E. Coli and anti-microbial agents: In a study by Dixon et al (2004), the antibacterial effects of microcystin, which is, a cyanotoxin produced by Microcystis aeruginosa have been discussed. In the presence of microcystin, the inhibitory values for a range of hydrophobic inhibitors were significantly reduced. Dixon and his colleagues studied the direct effects of appropriate concentrations of microcystin on the integrity of bacterial inner and outer membranes and found that the presence of microcystin affects the permeability levels of entero-bacterial outer membranes. Tolerance to anti-microbial agents in seen in bacteria, which shows a slower growth rate or which no longer, multiplies. This is very common in the E. coli bacteria, which shows a decreased growth rate after being exposed to antibiotics. In clinical infections bacteria tend to multiply slowly and extended periods of anti-microbial chemotherapy are needed to eradicate these organisms and achieve complete cure. Hu and Coates (2005) used transposon mutagenesis to understand the molecular basis of antibiotic tolerance. The authors screened 5000 Escherichia coli mutants to see reductions of kanamycin tolerance in the late stationery phase and found that 4935 mutants were able to grow to the late stationery phase. The mutant KS639 was most sensitive to kanamycin. This variety of mutant showed an increased sensitivity to kanamycin and gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. From the data obtained it was seen that a mutant lacking intergenic regions showed reduced tolerance to kanamycin. T he studies show that interegenic regions in the E coli may be responsible for anti-microbial agents. In a study that tend to examine the effects of ciprofloxacin on E coli growth, Lueng et al studied the effects of the uptake and release of ciprofloxacin from a hydrophilic stent in an antibiotic solution and the effects of a ciprofloxacin loaded stent in inhibiting the growth of E.coli adherence were tested. The authors immersed segments of (hydrophilic stent) HS in 5 ml of ciprofloxacin solutions for 24 hours and ciprofloxacin remained in solution measure determined the uptake by the HS. CHS (ciprofloxacin-loaded stent) was placed in 5 ml of water for 24 hours and the released ciprofloxacin was measured. CHS was placed on culture plates with E coli and incubated and diameters of the inhibited zones were measured. CHS 0.5 cm in length was incubated in separate 5 ml E coli suspensions. This E coli was measured and compared with control HS. The results showed that zonal inhibition to growth of Escherichia coli was, proportional to the concentration of ciprofloxacin. Accordingly the au thors concluded that there was a free exchange (uptake and release) of ciprofloxacin along a concentration gradient between the antibiotic solution and HS. CHS reduced the number of adhered E coli, but the effect was short-livedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Strains of E. coli and Resistance to Antibiotics: Strains of Escherichia coli that are capable of contaminating raw milk can show heightened resistance to anti-microbial drugs. The susceptibility of E. coli that originates in milk and milk products, meat and several antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, cephalothin, neomycin and chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ampicillin and amikacin. The minimal inhibition concentrations were detected using a standard micro-dilution method. Babak et al (2004) stated the necessity to identify bacterial strains that have acquired potentially transmissible resistance to anti-microbial drugs. The study by Babak and his colleagues differentiated two kinds of E coli strains, one that is susceptible to the adverse effects of antibiotics and another that is resistant to anti-microbial drugs. There is a global expansion of bacterial resistance to anti-microbial agents such as methicillin and vancomycin with the Staphylococcus aureus showing increased resistance to methicillin and decreased sensitivity to vancomycin. The plague bacillus possesses a plasmid that is transferable to E. coli and has multiple antibiotic resistances. Vancomycin resistant enterococci are constantly transmitted to resistant organisms. These resistant strains have been effectively studied by McCormick (1998) to delineate the antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens. Escherichia coli was found in cattle faeces and novobiocin was used in the isolation method when samples of E coli were separated in different occasions. This study by Tutenel et al (2003) effectively links the isolation of E. coli O157 samples using the antibiotic novobiocin suggesting the adverse effects of antibiotics on bacterial growth or survival. In a recent study by Chartone-Souza et al (2005), a tetracycline-platinum complex was synthesized which was found to be as effective as tetracycline itself in inhibiting bacterial growth of E coli and in this particular study two Escherichia coli sensitive bacterial strains. This tetracycline complex is six times more potent that tetracycline against E Coli HB101/pBR322, a bacterial strain that has developed a resistance to tetracycline. According to Chartone-Souza and others their study is extremely important given the fact that emergent resistance strains of E coli have made it difficult to treat bacterial infections with tetracycline. Conclusion: From the studies discussed above, we see two distinct trends of the effects of antibiotics on the growth of E. coli. Antibiotics can develop increasingly resistant mutant strains of bacteria or can inhibit the growth of a particular strain. Whatever the results are, there have been numerous studies that have substantiated the fact that antibiotics have considerable adverse effects of the growth of E. coli and other bacterial strains.

Gender Disparity a Menace in Society Essay

Gender Disparity a Menace in our society. â€Å"All men were created equal.† How about women then? It is a sad reality that gender is still a basis for inequality in many parts of the world, especially in our nation. India remains the lowest ranked among BRIC countries in the Global Gender Gap index. It ranks 105 out of 135 countries. Health, Education, and Economic participation of women have India at its worst among BRIC countries. It ranks among the lowest when it comes to infant mortality and malnutrition among girls. Almost 8 million and more missing girls with demographers projecting that by the year 2020 there would be 28 to 31 million surplus males in the 15 – 35 age group. The roots of this lie in the very ego men have been holding since the dawn of civilization. Women are equated with sensitive, nurturing, cunning or wily and men with strength, courage, aggressiveness and Dominance amongst others. At least in India, a woman still needs the anchor of a husband. India has witnessed gender inequality from its early history due to its socio-economic and religious practices that resulted in a wide gap between the position of men and women in the society. Clearly, then gender gaps that are widespread in access to basic rights, access to and control of resources, in economic opportunities and also in power and political voice are an impediment to development. There are so many Crimes happening against Women and yet they are to be blamed for the crimes. Rape, sexual harassment even extreme violence is blamed on the woman, for travelling alone, for wearing â€Å"inappropriate† clothes, for daring to cross invisible boundaries. Women have always been considered to carry on the domestic work in our society. From cooking food to caring for the children and old of the house, from washing clothes to cleaning the house†¦. these are the things that our society expects and has been expecting from women. The men are considered the â€Å"Alpha† of the house, they are the only one fit to earn, step out of the doorsteps and experience the â€Å"Masculine† world as we say. But there is another side of the coin, well not so severe as with the women but still, nowadays even men fall prey to this gender disparity. Here are some examples, ridiculing of Male nurses, Stay at home dads, Male domestic servants etc. All of this just makes me think, what have we actually become? Is this what God created us for? To discriminate and subjugate women under such orthodox beliefs, Can women never enjoy the same freedom and security that men have? What we need today are trends where girls are able not only to break out of the culturally determined patterns of employment but also to offer advice about career possibilities that look beyond the traditional pail of Jobs. It is surprising that in spite of so many laws, women still continue to live under stress and strain. To ensure equality of status for our women we still have miles to go, but as it’s said, â€Å"A spark is all that’s needed to ignite a fire, to ignite a revolution of change†. Thus, it is rightly said – Man and Woman are like two wheels of a carriage. The life of one without the other is incomplete.

Christmas Lights On The Square Of A Local Winery Tasting...

Over Thanksgiving break, I sat in a local winery tasting room downtown and watched as the Christmas lights on the square outside turned on for the evening. Melissa Junken, my high school sophomore English teacher, sat across from me sipping her own glass of wine. Her question—the usual-- of â€Å"how’s school going?† resulted in more attitude than I typically give. â€Å"I have to define salvation sometime in the next week... in approximately 6000 words.† It was a blunt statement. I could see the work looming ahead but felt separated from the ideas. I took a sip of my own wine before looking up. Her eyes were wide and she had put her hand on the table. â€Å"What?† I asked. I could feel her waiting for me to say more, or even more so, to show some†¦show more content†¦Hell? Absence of love? Was that hell? Is there hell? Am I saved? How does one gain salvation? Is it gained or â€Å"just there?† All of the questions I struggled to po nder in the earlier weeks rose back to the surface as I struggled to work through these questions on a more personal level. â€Å"What do you think it is?† Her question came sharply through my thoughts and I felt like a deer in the headlights. When I’m in class and speak, my face flames a bright red more times than not. I felt the same heat rise to my face in this moment. â€Å"I don’t know† I tossed out, lamely. We dropped the subject, and she poured us both another glass of wine. I have spent the last month trying to specifically define salvation in entirety. It is complex and complicated in ways that make the question often times more easily avoided or, when answered, over-simplified. In another conversation with Haley Patterson two nights later, she pointed out that we, in fact, do not have the ability to know the answer and as a result, there’s a level of impossibility to defining it. It was a comforting statement—one that made me feel that perhaps I wasn’t as lost as I believed. However, after some time spent mulling it over, I realized I couldn’t agree with it completely. I came back to my working definition of salvation and

Essay about Rules on Formation of Contracts - 1116 Words

In order for a contract to be formed, there are various requirements. These are offer, acceptance, consideration, and the intention to create legal relations. A contract may also be terminated. There are two types of offer; specific and general. Specific offers are those made by one person or group of people who can choose to accept, and general offers are made to a generalised majority, such as in rewards and public advertisements. In the case of CARLILL v CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL, a general offer had been made, as it was a publicised advert. The company did not comply with the terms that it had stated; therefore the court held that the contract had been breached as an offer had been made. It was rightly decided that most offers†¦show more content†¦In BROGDEN v METROPOLITAN RAIL CO it was held the railway company had accepted by placing orders since the amendment of the document, and in TRENTHAM LTD v ARCHITAL LUXFER the court used the reasonable man to identify whether or not there has been acceptance. Both cases seemed to have reasonable outcomes; therefore the courts had been provided with satisfactory rules to help them reach a appropriate verdict. There are various different rules regarding acceptance. There must be a communication of acceptance from the offeree to the offeror. The case of YATES BUILDING v PULLEYN deals whether there had been a prescribed acceptance or not. It was held that there was no practical difference to the offeror therefore the acceptance method was binding. However in the case of ENTORES LTD v MILES FAR EAST CORPORATION there was no prescribed acceptance, yet it was held that the contract was formed in England as that was there acceptance had been received by telex. Other rules that can be used to decide whether there has been acceptance include a waiver of communication of acceptance; silence, which isnt a valid acceptance; ignorance, generally there isnt a binding contract; and acceptance via post using the postal rule. The postal rule can often be misused, as it states that a contract has been formed asShow MoreRelatedRelations Between China And China1367 Words   |  6 PagesConvention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), which establishes a system of uniform sale of goods rules to govern the rights and obligations of parties to international sales contracts by taking into account the differing legal systems and different business expectations common in cross-border transactions. Despite the provision of the uniform international sales contract rules, it is still critical, in some situations, to become acquainted with each country’s contract law, forRead MoreThe Postal Acceptance Rule1373 Words   |  5 PagesAcceptance Rule (Mailbox Rule): The Postal Acceptance Rule or Mailbox Rule is a common law term for contracts that determines the formation of a contract in which the involved parties are communicating through the mail. The primary thrust or core of the mailbox rule is that the acceptance of an offer is sent before the revocation of the specific offer is received. In a scenario where the communication is sent rejecting the offer while a later communication is also sent in acceptance of the contract, thenRead MoreThe Offer and Acceptance Model Is Flawd- Only an Agreement Is Necessary1464 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutes acceptance. â€Å"An offer is a statement by one party of willingness to enter into a contract on stated terms, provided that these terms are, in turn, accepted by the party to whom the offer is addressed†. Acceptance is â€Å"†¦an unqualified expression of ascent to the terms proposed by the offeror†. The â€Å"Offer and acceptance model† is based on the court’s ad opt the â€Å"mirror image† rule of contractual formation. Applying the definitions stated above, we can take this to mean that there must be a clearRead MoreThe Origin of the Doctrine775 Words   |  4 Pagesin some cases, cause parties to experience injustice, sometimes something that the courts fail to resolve, consideration is a crucial element to the formation of a legally binding contract. This paper will not only explain why the High Court should not abolish the requirement for consideration but will also highlight its usefulness in contract formation. Origin of the Doctrine of Consideration The origin of the doctrine of consideration can trace its roots back to the 16th century when it becameRead MoreAnalysis Of Gabe s Contract With Crane Entertainment1484 Words   |  6 PagesTo determine whether Gabe’s contract with Crane Entertainment is actually valid, we must test the essential elements (legal capacity, consent, legality of purpose and form), making sure all these elements are deemed satisfiable in the clearly apparent simple contract. There is genuine consent between the two parties into both wanting to go to business, with no evidence of mistakes, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence and unconscionability. This bilateral contract is simply the offeror hiringRead MoreThe Importance Of Rescission And Restitution Of The Law Of Gains Based Recovery997 Words   |  4 PagesREMEDIES Rescission A contract with missing required elements can be officiated void by the courts. Rescission officially voids a contract. â€Å"In contract law, rescission has been defined as the unmaking of a contract between parties. Rescission is the unwinding of a transaction. This is done to bring the parties, as far as possible, back to the position in which they were before they entered into a contract.†[6] The contract between Debbie and Alan is VOID (SUPRA). As such, the court will mostRead MoreThe Applicability Of Postal Acceptance Rule Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pages1500 The Applicability of Postal Acceptance Rule in Hong Kong’s Context DU Manji, 53671036 1.The Introduction Especially for the past decades, not only in the legal profession but also across the commercial spectrum, a constant debate as to whether the Postal Acceptance Rule (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Rule’) should be sustained or discarded has never been so profound in Hong Kong. To this end, the paper is intended to argue for maintenance of the Rule for reassurance of less uncertainty in businessRead MoreCase : Averill V. Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pages Case: Averill v. Gleaner Life Ins. Soc. (2009) Facts: Averill (Plaintiff) brought action again Gleaner (defendant) for alleged breach of contract regarding retirement benefits. Gleaner allegedly breached Article 4 of the contract by making modifications to and terminating the Gleaner Supplemental Savings Program (GSSP), negatively impacting Averill’s benefits. Procedural History: Chief Judge (Carr) transferred case to Magistrate Judge (Pearson). Pearson denies motions for summary judgment forRead MoreThe United Nations Convention On Contracts867 Words   |  4 PagesThe United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of goods entered into force January 1 1988. Among the 79 states that have ratified or acceded to the treaty to date are Australia, Canada, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea, China, and Singapore. The Vienna Convention, as CISG is also known, was designed to systemise and rationalise international contracts in a particular region, drawing from a common legal framework. The CISG is divided into three substantive partsRead MoreAn Evaluation Will Be Made Of Clause 35 Of Afrosa s Contract With Foghorn Cars Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesClause 35 of Afrosa’s contract with Foghorn Cars. Accordingly, an explanation will be made of the legal rules which relate to exclusion clauses with referen ce to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and Sale of Goods Act 1979. Terms may be implied into a contract in a number of ways. Primarily terms may be implied by statute. Legislation may be implemented to protect parties where there may be inequality in bargaining power, such as dealing with companies standard form contracts. An example of such

The Generational Shift in Communication Essay - 1132 Words

I believe that one’s age and generation do not affect their leadership style nearly as much as there life experience, motivation, and knowledge. A leader can be successful at any age, if they are willing and eager to constantly adapt their communication styles to accommodate their followers’ needs. However, within each generation there are different values and management styles and if an individual resists adapting to newer methods and neglects to embrace change they will not be a successful leader. For example, the business world has grown into a much different culture than it was 20 years ago. With the Information Age booming, information is readily accessible to many individuals and the lines of communication between leader and†¦show more content†¦(Behrstock–Sherratt and Coggshall, 2010) It is the combination of the focus on relationships, embracing the technological age, and their desire to create a positive impact on society through their busi ness practices that separate Generation Y from other generations and have created the shift in how teams communicate with one another. Leaders in Generation Y value and appreciate the professional relationships they create within their organizational culture, which creates a more democratic way of leading a team. Within this democratic leadership style, effective communication is essential to successful operations. New research has allowed Generation Y leaders to apply the knowledge they gain prior to getting trapped in the routine of a dictatorship. In the past 5 years alone, there have been multiple studies done regarding solely how leaders can communicate with their team to create the highest success rate along with the most invested followers. According to Clark (2008, para. 2), â€Å"Studying the communication process is important because you coach, coordinate, counsel, evaluate, and supervise throughout this process. It is the chain of understanding that integrates the me mbers of an organization from top to bottom, bottom to top, and side to side.† It is this cyclical ideology that has encouraged follower feedback and leader responsiveness and active listening, rather than acceptance of an individual leaders’ vision. The other communication shift that hasShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure And Culture At Lone Tree Convalescent Hospital1054 Words   |  5 Pagesis the pattern of learned values, attitudes, and behaviors in the organization’s members (Schein, 1990). Organizational environment describes the conditions of the work setting. Characteristics of a positive organizational environment include communication, collaboration, effective decision-making, staffing, recognition of employees, and leadership (Sullivan Decker, 2009). This paper will describe interrelated aspects of the organizational structure, culture, and environment at Lone Tree ConvalescentRead MoreLeading Intergenerational Teams Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesare now delaying retirement due for economic or other reasons. Many of the baby boomer generation can now be expected to delay retirement into their seventies. (Randstad USA) As you will learn, an inter-generational workforce provides many opportunities and challenges. While generational differences can and do lead to frustration, conflicts and poor morale, they do not have to. This section of the handbook will help you to better understand effective methods for leading and working with intergenerationalRead MoreMotivation : Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors1476 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch has paid little attention to generational shifts in extrinsic and intrinsic values. Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman and Lance (2010) argue that there is a generational shift towards work values and observed that Generation Y is less intrinsically motivated. Thus, each generation is motivated differently, and the implications for future workforces lies in the considerations of such generational shifts. Deal et al. (2013) affirm that there is a generational dissonance in external and introjectedRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas King s Borders, The Young Boy And His Sister1062 Words   |  5 Pages Generational gaps exist amongst all cultures. Some however, are more detrimental than others. In Thomas King’s Borders, the young boy and his sister when compared to their mother reveals a striking example of not only a generational gap, but a cultural gap between newer generations of First Nations Peoples and their parents. Borders clearly emphasizes the influence that Western society and culture has on young Aboriginal Canadians not only in terms of tradition, but Aboriginal identity as wellRead MoreEmployee Engagement : A Leading And Primary Source And Tool Of Competitive Advantage And Business Success Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesachieving organisational success, in a very aggressive and competitive business environment. The present day workplace is said to be characterised largely by four different generational groupings, ranging from soon to be retiring â€Å"Veterans† and â€Å"Baby Boomers† to the new entrants in the workplace, the â€Å"Millennials†. This multi-generational workforce brings with it different characteristics, personalities, attitudes, values and expectations. These differences according to Bursch are not fully understood norRead MoreThe Generation Of The Boomer Generation1422 Words   |  6 Pagesjobs remain in an ever-shrinking and increasingly competitive American workplace. The entire work environment has been sent spinning as three generations of workers compete for fewer positions, all complicated by rapid advances in office and communications technologies that are eagerly embraced by younger workers while seemingly threatening to older ones. What s a manager to do? Yesterday s and Today s Gap The term Generation Gap entered our daily lexicon in the 1960s when members of the BoomerRead MoreManagement Of All Types Of Generation863 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of generation effectively in the workplace is imperative to the prosperity and harmony of the organizations. A few, if not greater, are probably not aware that generation gaps exist in the workplace or maybe avoiding the existence of these generational differences. According to Toops, (May 2013), â€Å"in my organization, there are real differences between older and younger generations and how they approach work† (p.40). No two people are alike and the more people recognize our differences, thenRead MoreLeadership And The Non Verbal Communication Styles1523 Words   |  7 Pagestakes great communication between leaders and subordinates. This is one problem that will be addressed in this literature review. The author will look at the problems and the solutions to overcoming these situations. The author will show that different leadership styles show that communication and determine how subordinates will produce as well having good morale. A few of these styles include transformational and laissez-faire. 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Some of these ideals Boomers will bring include teamwork, volunteerism, promotion and recognition (Madjaroff, 2014). We must also remember that Boomers have a higher life expectancy so they are able to work longer, even in their older age. So businesses

Quality Education in the Philippines Free Essays

string(84) " intricate and obfuscators jargon of â€Å"globalization† entered the scene\." We know that Philippines country is rich in agriculture and economics. But don’t you know that Philippines are one of the top that is great in terms of education. And I can prove that in simply observing the status of my country and surveys in the rank of schools. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Education in the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literacy rate in the Philippines has improved a lot over the last few years- from 72 percent in 1960 to 94 percent in 1990. This is attributed to the increase in both the number of schools built and the level of enrollment in these schools. The number of schools grew rapidly in all three levels – elementary, secondary, and tertiary. From the mid-1960s up to the early 1990, there was an increase of 58 percent in the elementary schools and 362 percent in the tertiary schools. For the same period, enrollment in all three levels also rose by 120 percent. More than 90 percent of the elementary schools and 60 percent of the secondary schools are publicly owned. However, only 28 percent of the tertiary schools are publicly owned. A big percentage of tertiary-level students enroll in and finish commerce and business management courses. Table 1 shows the distribution of courses taken, based on School Year 1990-1991. Note that the difference between the number of enrollees in the commerce and business courses and in the engineering and technology courses may be small – 29. 2 percent for commerce and business and 20. 3 percent for engineering and technology. However, the gap widens in terms of the number of graduates for the said courses. Aside from the numbers presented above, which are impressive, there is also a need to look closely and resolve the following important issues: 1) quality of education 2) affordability of education 3) government budget for education; and 4) education mismatch. In Quality There was a decline in the quality of the Philippine education, especially at the elementary and secondary levels. For example, the results of standard tests conducted among elementary and high school students, as well as in the National College of Entrance Examination for college students, were way below the target mean score. In Affordability – There is also a big disparity in educational achievements across social groups. For example, the socioeconomically disadvantaged students have higher dropout rates, especially in the elementary level. And most of the freshmen students at the tertiary level come from relatively well-off families. In Budget – The Philippine Constitution has mandated the government to allocate the highest proportion of its budget to education. However, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to education among the ASEAN countries. In Mismatch – There is a large proportion of â€Å"mismatch† between training and actual jobs. This is the major problem at the tertiary level and it is also the cause of the existence of a large group of educated unemployed or underemployed. Improved quality of education in the Philippine schools The Philippine education system is plagued with problems from the basic level until the tertiary level, and although previous and present administrations took steps to reform the system, these reforms failed to improve the country’s education system. According to the latest â€Å"Economic Policy Monitor†, released in April 2012 of government think tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies, despite the reforms pursued by the Aquino administration to address these failures, even more reforms are needed to improve the quality of education in the Philippines. The same study found that even the reforms initiated by the government may even bring more problems to the education system. Foremost among the problems in the early childhood education is the inequality to access to kindergarten education. THE INTENSE ECONOMIC CRISIS that the Philippines are currently undergoing has certainly buried the sanguine and unreasonable hopes that the government had projected for the near future. The triumphalism of Philippines 2000 has been shaken to the core and reduced to a laughable joke for the history books. This crisis only confirms that the Philippines have yet to liberate itself from the age-old problems, which have plagued it in the economic and political spheres. The much-trumpeted new epoch of free competition and borderless economies has not resulted in any real development but only in a more intense form of economic domination and exploitation of the poorer countries by the advanced capitalist countries. The seemingly neutral facade of Globalization has turned out to be more of the same old Imperialism that just cannot be wished away. Nevertheless, it would be too much of a simplification to arrive at the conclusion that the present global order has not resulted in any significant changes. It would certainly be correct to ay that for the educational system, as in Philippine society as a whole, that â€Å"nothing of the essence has changed. † However, even if it is true that the essential traits and defining characteristics of Philippine education has remained the same all throughout this so-called period of â€Å"Globalization,† it is also equally unavoidably true that certain changes have occurred and are still occurring that may not have actually touched the â€Å"essence† of things as they are but still have important implications for the understanding of the current situation and the various effective political responses that can lead to genuine social transformation. One of the main tasks is to attempt to identify what these â€Å"changes† are without losing sight of the â€Å"meaning† of these phenomena in relation to an essentially unchanged exploitative global economic and political system which must be identified as â€Å"imperialism. † The changes in question can be identified by analyzing the so-called â€Å"three major areas of concern† in education which have been underlined in the Medium Term Education Development Plan (MTEDP). These are: â€Å"(1) increasing access to and improving of the quality of basic education; (2) liberalizing the regulation of private schools, and; (3) rationalizing the programs of State Universities and Colleges (SUCs). † The question of â€Å"increasing access to† and â€Å"improving the quality of† education have been constant themes since even before the intricate and obfuscators jargon of â€Å"globalization† entered the scene. You read "Quality Education in the Philippines" in category "Papers" It cannot even be asserted that these ideas have changed in the sense that they previously had an altruistic meaning which has currently been lost in this period of technocratic appeals to â€Å"efficiency† rather than â€Å"morality. Reyes, John Christian A. BSIT-109I Improved quality of education in the Philippines schools This is the first major issue that the Philippine government should resolve but somehow it is recently improving. The quality of Philippine education has declined few years ago due to poor results from standard entrance tests conducted among elementary and secondary students, as well as the tertiary levels. The results were way below the target mean score. High dropout ates, high number of repeaters, low passing grades, lack of particular language skills, failure to adequately respond and address the needs of people with special needs, overcrowded classrooms, and poor teacher performances, have greatly affected the quality of education in the Philippines. Philippine education is strongly viewed as a pillar of national development and a primary avenue for social and economic mobility. It has undergone several stages of development from the pre-spanish time to the present. It is handled by three government organizations, namely, the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the TESDA. The DECS govern both public and private education in all levels, with its mission â€Å"to provide quality basic education that is equitably accessible to all by the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common good. † The government was mandated by the Philippine Constitution to allocate the highest proportion of its budget to education. However, among the ASEAN countries, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to education. This is due to some mainstream political issues and humungous problems that the government is facing specially corruption. There are some measures that the Philippine government has looked into for the reformation of quality education. Technology use is starting to gain momentum in the overall education of this country. This helped improve the quality of education in the Philippines and to be globally competitive in this millennium. Improving the Quality of Education in our Country The Philippines has the highest number of college graduates among developing Asian countries, but that isn’t a substitute for quality. The role of education in economic development is widely acknowledged: education increases the innovative capacity of an economy and facilitates the diffusion, adoption, and adaptation of new ideas. More specifically, education increases the amount of human capital available, thereby increasing productivity and ultimately output. Education is especially important in a rapidly evolving economic environment where a rapid rate of job destruction and creation might otherwise lead to a gap between the skills demanded in the labor market and the skills of job-seekers. So how can regional cooperation improve the quality and availability of education? The role of regional cooperation in a particular country and what means of cooperation are viable will largely depend on that country’s position on the development ladder and the status of its education sector. The role of regional cooperation in a particular country and what means of cooperation are viable will largely depend on that country’s position on the development ladder and the status of its education sector. Since 1975 both GDP and education levels in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam have been catching up. Over the same period GDP growth and improvements to education levels have been losing momentum in developed countries including the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. The Philippines exhibits a curious pattern in this respect, because even as the level of education attainment plateaued, its GDP has been falling behind. This is an apparent contradiction. Given the well-established beneficial effects of education on GDP and on GDP growth rates, the Philippines should have witnessed an era of high growth since 1975, when it had the highest rate of completion of tertiary education among developing Asian countries – higher than Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, or Singapore. This suggests that the problem in the Philippines has been the quality of education, rather than its availability or accessibility. Regional cooperation in education is often identified with trade in education services. In the Asia Pacific, this most commonly takes the form of direct exchanges of people, whether they be students from less-developed countries going to study in more-developed ones, or, as in the case of Singapore and Malaysia, academics from more-developed countries encouraged to relocate to universities in less-developed countries by partnerships between the two institutions. Trade in education services also takes place through transnational education, for example when foreign institutions are encouraged to establish campuses in developing countries. Yet these forms of cooperation are not the most appropriate for the Philippines – for instance because poor local infrastructure makes it difficult to attract foreign institutions and academics. And, moreover, the principal effect of these forms of education cooperation is to make education more available, when the problem in the Philippines is the quality of education – not its availability. Regulatory reform is needed to ensure that the quality of education received at home is high enough to give domestic Filipino students access to education and work abroad. This reform process must start by establishing a credible accreditation system, because under the current system of voluntary self-regulation, less than 20 percent of higher education institutions in the Philippines are accredited. Forms of international cooperation other than through trade in education services would allow the Philippines to improve the quality of domestic education by following the example set by Malaysia, which has linked its own accreditation system to international ones. Malaysia has also been active in promoting the development of a regional quality assurance framework, the ASEAN Quality Assurance Network (AQAN). The AQAN was organized in 2008 in order to promote collaboration among quality assurance agencies in individual ASEAN countries. Though the Philippines has not yet fully acceded to the AQAN, negotiations are underway to formalize an agreement to adopt common standards in the education sector. The Philippines can also pursue bilateral mutual recognition agreements. Such agreements should include quality assurance on the part of both countries. In this way, even if the standards are not at the same level as in higher-income countries, there will be pressure on some of the higher education institutions in the Philippines to improve their programs and facilities in order to gain accreditation. Such agreements, whether bilateral or as part of the AQAN, might make it easier for Filipino policy makers to argue for domestic reform on the basis that it is necessary to meet international agreements. With a higher-quality higher education system, the Philippines would then be better placed to reap the well-documented economic benefits of an educated population. How to cite Quality Education in the Philippines, Papers

Unity in Diversity Essay Sample free essay sample

Integrity in diverseness is a construct of â€Å"unity without uniformity and diverseness without fragmentation† [ 2 ] that shifts focal point from integrity based on a mere tolerance of physical. cultural. lingual. societal. spiritual. political. ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex integrity based on an apprehension that difference enriches human interactions. The construct of integrity in diverseness was used â€Å"in non-Western civilizations such as autochthonal peoples in North America and Taoist societies in 400-500 B. C. In premodern Western civilization it has been implicit in the organic constructs of the existence that have been manifest since the antediluvian Greek and Roman civilisations through mediaeval Europe and into the Romantic epoch. † [ 2 ] India is a state of many cultural groups. over 1. 650 spoken linguistic communications. idioms. regional variations—a land of countless tongues—numerous manners of dre ss and infinite idiosyncrasies. For the most portion. the Continental size of the state accounts for the fluctuations and diversenesss. Besides. there are many faiths. religious orders and beliefs. At times the broad differences seem to rule. and the end point inharmoniousness is regarded by many as irreme ¬diable. a phenomenon that the 100 crore people ( ours is the 2nd most thickly settled state ) have to populate with. whether they like it or non. The faultfinders even regard the Indian people as quarrelsome. frequently at each other’s pharynx. denouncing others as if they were chronic enemies keeping unreconcilable thoughts and subscribing to ideals wholly different from theirs. But those who stick to this feeling disregard a critical factor there is a basic integrity which runs through the Indian mainstream of life and idea. There is a traditional civilization which is truly oriental and which conforms to the instructions and principles of our saints and sages. Culture and civilization are true hard to specify. though both these signify certain identi ¬fiable tendencies and traits of character. particularly restraint. consideration for others and a high grade of tolerance. The deficiency of civilization becomes apparent even from the linguistic communication and the idiom one uses. the behavior and mode of life. one’s gestures in societal life. the inclination to hold a closed head. with doors and Windowss shut as if to forbid the influx of fresh thoughts and other point of views. Every procedure of exclusion betrays deficiency of civilization. merely as every tendency bespeaking a willingness to broaden one’s mentality shows a applaudable cultural trait. The same thought is frequently put in different words: inactive civilization envisages decay. merely as dynamism ensures survival. It is the dynamism and the flexibleness that have enabled Indian civilization to last despite its many diversenesss and heavy odds. Through these di ¬versities runs a common watercourse. as it were. and the similarity and integrity of mentality can be noticed from North to South and East to West. Indian civilization is really a uninterrupted synthesis. and has absorbed many external influences in the class of history. A important acknowledgment of the merger of cultural tendencies comes through T he Constitution ( Article 51-A ) . which says. interalia. that it shall be the responsibility of every citizen of India to value and continue the rich heritage of our composite c ivilization. Among the other Cardinal Duties mentioned in that Article is â€Å"to promote harmoniousness and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India. exceeding spiritual. lingual and re ¬gional or sectional diversenesss. to abdicate patterns derogatory to women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  All these are declarative of cultural development. Calm contemplation will demo that efforts to implement complete integrity and forbid any differences of idea and attack in a big state like India would turn out counter-productive and self-defeating. Peoples can keep different positions on life. faith. societal. economic and political systems and yet they can be cultured. Who. can deny that the people of India have throughout history honoured saints. sages. spiritual sermonizers and philosophers. rarely demoing fear for military heroes. exultant warriors and commanding officers. except ephemeral congratulations and adulation. Those who have fought for cultural freedoms and political independency. which ensures such freedom and the inexplicit autonomies to prosecute cultural chases. have commanded big and loyal followers. Had it non been for the tolerance shown by the people of India during the regulation of the Mughals and other foreigners. who brought in their ain tradi ¬tions and sought to enforce them on this state. the formless. flexible Indian civilization would hold lost its moorages. The Indian head has assimi ¬lated much of the thought of other civilizations. therefore enriching itself and doing itself lasting and virtually indestructible. The Western constructs and manners of frock. the English linguistic communication. the survey of English classics and European philosophers’ plants. even though they emphasised ideas and beliefs dif ¬ferent from those of the Indian people. have non been spurned. Rather. a good portion of these has become about a portion of the Indian manner of life and think ¬ing. particularly in the urban countries. The English-knowing elect exist alongside the Indian linguistic communication partisans. without tensenesss. The Western civilization has ever laid emphasis on philistinism. while the Eastern. particularly Indian. civilization has been closely linked with spiritualism. simpleness. filial responsibility and fondness. asceticism. tolerance and harmoniousness. Both are tolerated in this state. It is. nevertheless. a commiseration that in recent old ages the communal clangs. the increasing grounds of intolerance and inharmoniousness. the seemingly eternal strife. the unfastened clangs at public meetings. and the all-too-frequent de ¬nunciation of each other have increased so much as to bespeak that the people are burying their. true civilization. and are leting themselves to be exploited by selfish. artless people who seek to interrupt and destruct instead than construct and consolidate. The existent strength of Indian civilization lies in basic integrity. energy and the ability to incorporate an astonishing diverseness within itself. In this state there are people who belong to opposite schools of idea and who neer seem to hold on anything. And yet. the constructs of one basic civilization and one state have continued. Another noteworthy feature of Indian civilization is that it has ever been based on moral and spiritual values ; on thes e values the mentality shows an astonishing similarity. about throughout the state. Of class. there are groups which seem to be ever on the war-path. and there are dissenters who question the basic model on which the Indian civil order is based. but they constitute a really little fraction of the entire population. Furthermore. in every big state there are ever people who are practical Rebels in idea and title. and who wish to pulverize instead than concept. Even in the advanced states. such as the U. S. A. . there are people who are outside the picket of jurisprudence. who do non subscribe to the distinguishable American manner of life. The same holds good of the British people. Some Britishers are opposed to the centuries old establishment of monarchy and see it as otiose and an mistiming in the modem age of democracy. But they are as loyal to their state as the others. and they non merely lodge to the British civilization. but are proud of it. India is a secular State. and the people. with a few exclusions. have fear for every religion ; there is no attempt to en force one faith on other. The Constitution itself. framed with the full consent of the people. guaran ¬tees the freedom of idea and look. The Fundamental law does non recognize differentiations based on faith. sex or caste. or any other factor. Modernism co-exists with orthodoxy. as does progressive thought with conservativism. and even reactionist tendencies. The wide characteristics of the Hindu civilization. ( which is non linked to the Hindu faith but is loosely Indian civilization ) . It is non fixed or inactive but is invariably accommodating itself to alter conditions. therefore reacting favorably to new challenges ; tolerance of conflicting beliefs. liberalism and broadmindedness ; accent on ethical behavior and spiritualism ; control of passions and pique ; justness and truth. and contempt of wealth and the pleasances of the senses. Religious flawlessness is thirstily sought and preached ; moral rules. responsibility and â€Å"dharma† are assiduously propagated. particularly at pilgrim centres. Indian civilization. in fact. represents a synthesis on many strains. It con ¬tains the best characteristics of many traditions of other lands. Undoubtedly. cer ¬tain corrupt influences and deformations have crept in. but these aberrances have non affected the footing. which is solid. non rickety in any sense. Absorption and assimilation have been responsible for the permanent quali ¬ties of Indian civilization ; the diversenesss seem to vanish in class of clip. go forthing behind the basic beliefs really much intact. Mahatma Gandhi’s position that fear for other religions is a portion of our ain system holds good because of the acknowledgment that each faith has truth and honestness as its footing. Most people have a broad. cosmopolitan mentality. All these factors account for the integrity in diverseness that is an outstanding characteristic of this state.